Allow overriding localizations logic, including throwing as error.

Release HURL 2.2!

5 files changed, 162 insertions, 147 deletions

diff --git a/ChangeLog.md b/ChangeLog.md
index 408704d..3f41653 100644
--- a/ChangeLog.md
+++ b/ChangeLog.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # Revision history for hurl
 
+## 2.2.0.0 -- 2022-08-06
+* Fix webform submission, refine API, & support multiple encodings.
+* Switch from OpenSSL to `tls`/Cryptonite for a cryptographic backend for better error reporting & to fix Gemini implementation
+* Support clientside certificates in Gemini & HTTPS
+* Support HSTS with bypass
+* Allow overriding HURL's error-reporting localization
+
 ## 2.1.0.1 -- 2021-03-09
 * Fixes a build failure.
 
diff --git a/hurl.cabal b/hurl.cabal
index 1174435..bbd5656 100644
--- a/hurl.cabal
+++ b/hurl.cabal
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ name:                hurl
 -- PVP summary:      +-+------- breaking API changes
 --                   | | +----- non-breaking API additions
 --                   | | | +--- code changes with no API change
-version:             2.1.0.1
+version:             2.2.0.0
 
 -- A short (one-line) description of the package.
 synopsis:            Haskell URL resolver
diff --git a/src/Network/URI/Fetch.hs b/src/Network/URI/Fetch.hs
index 9e9e43e..298779e 100644
--- a/src/Network/URI/Fetch.hs
+++ b/src/Network/URI/Fetch.hs
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@ data Session = Session {
 #endif
     -- | The languages (RFC2616-encoded) to which responses should be localized.
     locale :: [String],
+    -- | Callback function for localizing error messages, or throwing exceptions
+    trans' :: Errors -> String,
     -- | Additional files to serve from about: URIs.
     aboutPages :: [(FilePath, ByteString)],
     -- | Log of timestamped/profiled URL requests
@@ -201,6 +203,7 @@ newSession' appname = do
         rewriter = rewriters,
 #endif
         locale = ietfLocale,
+        trans' = trans ietfLocale,
         aboutPages = [],
         requestLog = Nothing,
         redirectCount = 5,
@@ -324,8 +327,8 @@ encodeQuery query = intercalate "&" $ M.mapMaybe encodePart query
 
 -- | As per `fetchURL`, but also returns the redirected URI.
 fetchURL' :: Session -> [String] -> URI -> IO (URI, String, Either Text ByteString)
-fetchURL' Session {redirectCount = 0, locale = locale'} _ uri =
-    return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans locale' ExcessiveRedirects)
+fetchURL' sess@Session {redirectCount = 0 } _ uri =
+    return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans' sess ExcessiveRedirects)
 
 #ifdef WITH_PLUGIN_REWRITES
 fetchURL' session mimes uri
@@ -333,14 +336,13 @@ fetchURL' session mimes uri
 #endif
 
 #ifdef WITH_PLUGIN_EXEC
-fetchURL' session@Session { appName = appname, locale = l } mimes
-        uri@(URI "ext:" Nothing path query _) = do
+fetchURL' session@Session { appName = appname } mimes uri@(URI "ext:" Nothing path query _) = do
     dir <- getXdgDirectory XdgData "nz.geek.adrian.hurl"
     sysdirs <- getXdgDirectoryList XdgDataDirs
     let dirs = concat [[dir' </> appname, dir'] | dir' <- dir : sysdirs]
     programs <- findExecutablesInDirectories dirs ("bin" </> path)
     case programs of
-      [] -> return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans l $ ReadFailed "404")
+      [] -> return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans' session $ ReadFailed "404")
       program:_ -> do
         let args = case query of {
             '?':rest -> split (== '&') rest;
@@ -384,7 +386,7 @@ fetchURL' session accept uri | uriScheme uri `elem` ["http:", "https:"] =
 #endif
 
 #ifdef WITH_GEMINI_URI
-fetchURL' sess@Session {connCtxt = ctxt, locale = l} mimes uri@URI {
+fetchURL' sess@Session { connCtxt = ctxt } mimes uri@URI {
         uriScheme = "gemini:", uriAuthority = Just (URIAuth _ host port)
     } = do
         let params = TLS.defaultParamsClient host "gmni"
@@ -418,12 +420,12 @@ fetchURL' sess@Session {connCtxt = ctxt, locale = l} mimes uri@URI {
                     redirectCount = redirectCount sess - 1
                 } mimes $ relativeTo redirect' uri
             (x, y, err) -> return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $
-                trans l $ GeminiError x y $ Txt.unpack $
+                trans' sess $ GeminiError x y $ Txt.unpack $
                     Txt.replace "<" "&lt;" $ Txt.replace "&" "&amp;" err)
     where
         parseHeader :: String -> (Char, Char, Text)
         parseHeader (major:minor:meta) = (major, minor, Txt.strip $ Txt.pack meta)
-        parseHeader header = ('4', '1', Txt.pack $ trans l $ MalformedResponse header)
+        parseHeader header = ('4', '1', Txt.pack $ trans' sess $ MalformedResponse header)
         handleIOErr :: IOError -> IO Strict.ByteString
         handleIOErr _ = return ""
         connectionGetChunks conn = do
@@ -432,12 +434,12 @@ fetchURL' sess@Session {connCtxt = ctxt, locale = l} mimes uri@URI {
 #endif
 
 #ifdef WITH_FILE_URI
-fetchURL' Session {locale = l} (defaultMIME:_) uri@URI {uriScheme = "file:"} = do
+fetchURL' sess (defaultMIME:_) uri@URI {uriScheme = "file:"} = do
     response <- B.readFile $ uriPath uri
     return (uri, defaultMIME, Right response)
   `catch` \e -> do
     return (uri, mimeERR,
-        Left $ Txt.pack $ trans l $ ReadFailed $ displayException (e :: IOException))
+        Left $ Txt.pack $ trans' sess $ ReadFailed $ displayException (e :: IOException))
 #endif
 
 #ifdef WITH_DATA_URI
@@ -453,21 +455,21 @@ fetchURL' _ (defaultMIME:_) uri@URI {uriScheme = "data:"} =
 #endif
 
 #ifdef WITH_XDG
-fetchURL' Session {locale = l, apps = a} _ uri@(URI {uriScheme = s}) = do
+fetchURL' sess@Session { apps = a } _ uri@(URI {uriScheme = s}) = do
         app <- dispatchURIByMIME a uri ("x-scheme-handler/" ++ init s)
-        return (uri, htmlERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans l $ app)
+        return (uri, htmlERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans' sess $ app)
 #else
-fetchURL' Session {locale = l} _ URI {uriScheme = scheme} =
-    return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans l $ UnsupportedScheme scheme)
+fetchURL' sess _ URI {uriScheme = scheme} =
+    return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans' sess $ UnsupportedScheme scheme)
 #endif
 
 dispatchByMIME :: Session -> String -> URI -> IO (Maybe String)
 #if WITH_XDG
-dispatchByMIME Session {locale = l, apps = a} mime uri = do
+dispatchByMIME sess@Session { apps = a } mime uri = do
     err <- dispatchURIByMIME a uri mime
     return $ case err of
         UnsupportedMIME _ -> Nothing
-        _ -> Just $ trans l err
+        _ -> Just $ trans' sess err
 #else
 dispatchByMIME _ _ _ = return Nothing
 #endif
@@ -497,7 +499,8 @@ dispatchByApp _ _ _ _ = return False
 #endif
 
 #ifdef WITH_HTTP_URI
-fetchHTTPCached session shouldCache accept@(defaultMIME:_) rawUri cbReq cbResp = do
+fetchHTTPCached session @ Session { trans' = t} shouldCache
+        accept@(defaultMIME:_) rawUri cbReq cbResp = do
     now <- getCurrentTime
     hsts <- readMVar $ hstsDomains session
     uri <- case (uriScheme rawUri, uriAuthority rawUri) of {
@@ -556,7 +559,7 @@ fetchHTTPCached session shouldCache accept@(defaultMIME:_) rawUri cbReq cbResp =
                     return $ Left $ relativeTo uri' uri
                 (Status code msg, "", _) -> return $ Right (Txt.pack mimeERR,
                     B.fromStrict $ C8.pack $
-                        trans (locale session) $ HTTPStatus code $ C8.unpack msg)
+                        trans' session $ HTTPStatus code $ C8.unpack msg)
                 (_, body, (mimetype:_)) -> do
                     cacheHTTP uri response
                     forkIO cleanCacheHTTP -- Try to keep diskspace down...
@@ -572,9 +575,9 @@ fetchHTTPCached session shouldCache accept@(defaultMIME:_) rawUri cbReq cbResp =
         Right (mime, body) ->
             let mime' = L.map (Txt.unpack . Txt.strip) $ Txt.splitOn ";" mime
             in return $ resolveCharset' uri mime' body
-  `catch` \e -> do return (rawUri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ transHttp (locale session) e)
+  `catch` \e -> do return (rawUri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ transHttp t e)
 fetchHTTPCached session _ [] uri _ _ =
-    return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans (locale session) $ UnsupportedMIME "")
+    return (uri, mimeERR, Left $ Txt.pack $ trans' session $ UnsupportedMIME "")
 #endif
 
 #if WITH_HTTP_URI || WITH_GEMINI_URI
diff --git a/src/Network/URI/Locale.hs b/src/Network/URI/Locale.hs
index d537d1e..9a4061a 100644
--- a/src/Network/URI/Locale.hs
+++ b/src/Network/URI/Locale.hs
@@ -70,64 +70,64 @@ split _ [] = [[]]
 ---- Decoupling Layer
 --------
 #ifdef WITH_HTTP_URI
-transHttp locales (InvalidUrlException url msg) = trans locales $ InvalidUrl url msg
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (TooManyRedirects _)) = trans locales $ ExcessiveRedirects
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ ResponseTimeout) = trans locales $ TimeoutResponse
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ ConnectionTimeout) = trans locales $ TimeoutConnection
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (ConnectionFailure err)) =
-    trans locales $ FailedConnect $ displayException err
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (StatusCodeException _ code)) =
-    trans locales $ HTTPStatus (fromMaybe 500 $ readMaybe $ C8.unpack code) ""
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ OverlongHeaders) =
-    trans locales $ HTTPStatus 431 "Overlong Headers"
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidStatusLine why)) =
-    trans locales $ MalformedResponse $ C8.unpack why
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidHeader why)) =
-    trans locales $ MalformedResponse $ C8.unpack why
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidRequestHeader why)) =
-    trans locales $ InvalidRequest $ C8.unpack why
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (ProxyConnectException a b (Status code msg))) =
-    trans locales $ ProxyError (C8.unpack a) b code $ C8.unpack msg
+transHttp trans' (InvalidUrlException url msg) = trans' $ InvalidUrl url msg
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (TooManyRedirects _)) = trans' $ ExcessiveRedirects
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ ResponseTimeout) = trans' $ TimeoutResponse
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ ConnectionTimeout) = trans' $ TimeoutConnection
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (ConnectionFailure err)) =
+    trans' $ FailedConnect $ displayException err
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (StatusCodeException _ code)) =
+    trans' $ HTTPStatus (fromMaybe 500 $ readMaybe $ C8.unpack code) ""
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ OverlongHeaders) =
+    trans' $ HTTPStatus 431 "Overlong Headers"
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidStatusLine why)) =
+    trans' $ MalformedResponse $ C8.unpack why
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidHeader why)) =
+    trans' $ MalformedResponse $ C8.unpack why
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidRequestHeader why)) =
+    trans' $ InvalidRequest $ C8.unpack why
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (ProxyConnectException a b (Status code msg))) =
+    trans' $ ProxyError (C8.unpack a) b code $ C8.unpack msg
 -- NOTE: Minor details are unlocalized for now... Can always come back to this!
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ NoResponseDataReceived) =
-    trans locales $ MalformedResponse "Empty"
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ TlsNotSupported) =
-    trans locales $ HandshakeMisc "Unsupported"
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (WrongRequestBodyStreamSize a b)) =
-    trans locales $ OtherException $ unlines ["Wrong request bodysize", show a, show b]
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (ResponseBodyTooShort a b)) =
-    trans locales $ MalformedResponse ("Too short " ++ show a ++ '<' : show b)
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ InvalidChunkHeaders) =
-    trans locales $ MalformedResponse "Chunk headers"
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ IncompleteHeaders) =
-    trans locales $ MalformedResponse "Incomplete headers"
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidDestinationHost why)) =
-    trans locales $ FailedConnect $ C8.unpack why
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (HttpZlibException _)) =
-    trans locales $ MalformedResponse "ZLib compression"
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ ConnectionClosed) =
-    trans locales $ FailedConnect "already-closed"
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidProxySettings why)) =
-    trans locales $ FailedConnect ("proxy (" ++ Txt.unpack why ++ ")")
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidProxyEnvironmentVariable key value)) =
-    trans locales $ FailedConnect ("proxy (" ++ Txt.unpack key ++ '=' : Txt.unpack value ++ ")")
-transHttp locales (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InternalException e)) =
-    trans locales $ case fromException e of
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ NoResponseDataReceived) =
+    trans' $ MalformedResponse "Empty"
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ TlsNotSupported) =
+    trans' $ HandshakeMisc "Unsupported"
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (WrongRequestBodyStreamSize a b)) =
+    trans' $ OtherException $ unlines ["Wrong request bodysize", show a, show b]
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (ResponseBodyTooShort a b)) =
+    trans' $ MalformedResponse ("Too short " ++ show a ++ '<' : show b)
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ InvalidChunkHeaders) =
+    trans' $ MalformedResponse "Chunk headers"
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ IncompleteHeaders) =
+    trans' $ MalformedResponse "Incomplete headers"
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidDestinationHost why)) =
+    trans' $ FailedConnect $ C8.unpack why
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (HttpZlibException _)) =
+    trans' $ MalformedResponse "ZLib compression"
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ ConnectionClosed) =
+    trans' $ FailedConnect "already-closed"
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidProxySettings why)) =
+    trans' $ FailedConnect ("proxy (" ++ Txt.unpack why ++ ")")
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InvalidProxyEnvironmentVariable key value)) =
+    trans' $ FailedConnect ("proxy (" ++ Txt.unpack key ++ '=' : Txt.unpack value ++ ")")
+transHttp trans' (HttpExceptionRequest _ (InternalException e)) =
+    trans' $ case fromException e of
         Just (Terminated _ why _) -> InsecureTerminated why
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Misc msg)) -> HandshakeMisc msg
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (_, _, CloseNotify))) -> HandshakeClosed
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (_, _, HandshakeFailure))) -> HandshakeError
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (_, _, BadCertificate))) -> InsecureCertificate ""
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (_, _, UnsupportedCertificate))) ->
-            InsecureCertificate $ trans locales InsecureCertificateUnsupported
+            InsecureCertificate $ trans' InsecureCertificateUnsupported
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (_, _, CertificateExpired))) ->
-            InsecureCertificate $ trans locales InsecureCertificateExpired
+            InsecureCertificate $ trans' InsecureCertificateExpired
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (_, _, CertificateRevoked))) ->
-            InsecureCertificate $ trans locales InsecureCertificateRevoked
+            InsecureCertificate $ trans' InsecureCertificateRevoked
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (_, _, CertificateUnknown))) ->
-            InsecureCertificate $ trans locales InsecureCertificateUnknown
+            InsecureCertificate $ trans' InsecureCertificateUnknown
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (_, _, UnknownCa))) ->
-            InsecureCertificate $ trans locales InsecureCertificateUnknownCA
+            InsecureCertificate $ trans' InsecureCertificateUnknownCA
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Protocol (why, _, _))) -> HandshakeMisc why
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_Certificate why)) -> InsecureCertificate why
         Just (HandshakeFailed (Error_HandshakePolicy why)) -> HandshakePolicy why
diff --git a/src/Network/URI/Messages.hs b/src/Network/URI/Messages.hs
index 423f7ac..ccb36a6 100644
--- a/src/Network/URI/Messages.hs
+++ b/src/Network/URI/Messages.hs
@@ -13,58 +13,60 @@ module Network.URI.Messages (trans, Errors(..)) where
 
 import Data.List (stripPrefix)
 import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
+import Control.Exception (Exception)
 
 trans _ (RawXML markup) = markup
 --- BEGIN LOCALIZATION
-trans ("en":_) (UnsupportedScheme scheme) = "Unsupported protocol " ++ scheme
-trans ("en":_) (UnsupportedMIME mime) = "Unsupported filetype " ++ mime
-trans ("en":_) (RequiresInstall mime appsMarkup) =
-    "<h1>Please install a compatible app to open <code>" ++ linkType ++ "</code> links</h1>\n" ++ appsMarkup
+("en":_) `trans` UnsupportedScheme scheme = "Unsupported protocol " ++ scheme
+("en":_) `trans` UnsupportedMIME mime = "Unsupported filetype " ++ mime
+("en":_) `trans` RequiresInstall mime appsMarkup =
+    "<h1>Please install a compatible app to open <code>" ++ linkType ++
+        "</code> links</h1>\n" ++ appsMarkup
   where linkType = fromMaybe mime $ stripPrefix "x-scheme-handler/" mime
-trans ("en":_) (OpenedWith app) = "Opened in " ++ app
-trans ("en":_) (ReadFailed msg) = "Failed to read file: " ++ msg
-trans ("en":_) (MalformedResponse why) = "Invalid response! " ++ why
-trans ("en":_) ExcessiveRedirects = "Too many redirects!"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '1' '1' label) =
+("en":_) `trans` OpenedWith app = "Opened in " ++ app
+("en":_) `trans` ReadFailed msg = "Failed to read file: " ++ msg
+("en":_) `trans` MalformedResponse why = "Invalid response! " ++ why
+("en":_) `trans` ExcessiveRedirects = "Too many redirects!"
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '1' '1' label =
     "<form><label>" ++ label ++ "<input type=password></form>" 
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '1' _ label) = "<form><label>" ++ label ++ "<input></form>"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '4' '1' _) = "Site unavailable!"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '4' '2' _) = "Program error!"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '4' '3' _) = "Proxy error!"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '4' '4' timeout) =
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '1' _ label = "<form><label>" ++ label ++ "<input></form>"
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '4' '1' _ = "Site unavailable!"
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '4' '2' _ = "Program error!"
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '4' '3' _ = "Proxy error!"
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '4' '4' timeout =
     "Site busy! Please reload after at least " ++ timeout ++ " seconds"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '5' '1' _) = "Page not found! Try the <a href='/'>homepage</a>."
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '5' '2' _) = "Page deleted! Try the <a href='/'>homepage</a>."
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '5' '3' _) = "Contacted wrong server!"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '5' '9' _) = "Malformed request, my bad!"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '6' '1' _) = "<form><label>Authentication required" ++
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '5' '1' _ = "Page not found! Try the <a href='/'>homepage</a>."
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '5' '2' _ = "Page deleted! Try the <a href='/'>homepage</a>."
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '5' '3' _ = "Contacted wrong server!"
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '5' '9' _ = "Malformed request, my bad!"
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '6' '1' _ = "<form><label>Authentication required" ++
     "<-argo-authenticate error='Unauthorized account!'></-argo-authenticate></form>"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '6' '2' _) = "<form><label>Authentication required" ++
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '6' '2' _ = "<form><label>Authentication required" ++
     "<-argo-authenticate error='Invalid account!'></-argo-authenticate></form>"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError '6' _ _) = "<form><label>Authentication required" ++
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError '6' _ _ = "<form><label>Authentication required" ++
     "<-argo-authenticate></-argo-authenticate></form>"
-trans ("en":_) (GeminiError _ _ error) = error
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 400 _) = "I sent a bad request, according to this site."
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 401 _) = "Authentication required!" -- FIXME: Support HTTP Basic Auth.
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 402 _) = "Payment required!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 403 _) = "Access denied!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 404 _) = "Page not found! Try the <a href='/'>homepage</a>."
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 405 _) = "Bad webform for this destination webaddress! " ++
+("en":_) `trans` GeminiError _ _ error = error
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 400 _ = "I sent a bad request, according to this site."
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 401 _ = "Authentication required!" -- FIXME: Support HTTP Basic Auth.
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 402 _ = "Payment required!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 403 _ = "Access denied!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 404 _ = "Page not found! Try the <a href='/'>homepage</a>."
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 405 _ = "Bad webform for this destination webaddress! " ++
     "<em>Method not allowed</em>."
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 406 _) = "No representation available for given criteria!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 407 _) = "Authentication into proxyserver required!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 408 _) = "The site took too long to connect! <em>(HTTP 408)</em>"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 409 _) = "Request is based on outdated state!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 410 _) = "Page deleted! Try the <a href='/'>homepage</a>."
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 411 _) = "I sent a bad request, according to this site." ++
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 406 _ = "No representation available for given criteria!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 407 _ = "Authentication into proxyserver required!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 408 _ = "The site took too long to connect! <em>(HTTP 408)</em>"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 409 _ = "Request is based on outdated state!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 410 _ = "Page deleted! Try the <a href='/'>homepage</a>."
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 411 _ = "I sent a bad request, according to this site." ++
     "<em>(Missing <code>Content-Length</code> header)</em>"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 412 _) = "Webpage doesn't meet our preconditions."
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 413 _) = "Payload too large, please upload a smaller file!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 414 _) = "Web address is too long for the site!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 415 _) = "No representation available for supported filetypes!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 416 _) = "Invalid byte-range of requested resource!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 417 _) = "Site cannot satisfy our stated expectations!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 418 _) = unlines [
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 412 _ = "Webpage doesn't meet our preconditions."
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 413 _ = "Payload too large, please upload a smaller file!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 414 _ = "Web address is too long for the site!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 415 _ = "No representation available for supported filetypes!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 416 _ = "Invalid byte-range of requested resource!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 417 _ = "Site cannot satisfy our stated expectations!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 418 _ = unlines [
     "<p>I'm a little teapot<br/>",
     "Short and stout<br/>",
     "Here is my handle<br/>",
@@ -74,50 +76,51 @@ trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 418 _) = unlines [
     "<q>Tip me over<br/>",
     "And pour me out!</q></p>"
   ]
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 421 _) = "Contacted wrong server!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 422 _) = "Invalid <strong>WebDAV</strong> request!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 423 _) = "<strong>WebDAV</strong> resource is locked!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 424 _) = "Failed due to previous failure!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 425 _) = "Site requires stronger security on our request!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 426 _) = "Site requires newer networking-protocols!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 428 _) = "Site requires additional protection to avoid loosing changes!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 429 _) = "We sent this site too many requests for it to cope with!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 431 _) = "I sent more auxiliary data than this site can cope with!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 451 _) = "Requested page cannot legally be provided!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 421 _ = "Contacted wrong server!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 422 _ = "Invalid <strong>WebDAV</strong> request!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 423 _ = "<strong>WebDAV</strong> resource is locked!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 424 _ = "Failed due to previous failure!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 425 _ = "Site requires stronger security on our request!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 426 _ = "Site requires newer networking-protocols!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 428 _ = "Site requires additional protection to avoid loosing changes!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 429 _ = "We sent this site too many requests for it to cope with!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 431 _ = "I sent more auxiliary data than this site can cope with!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 451 _ = "Requested page cannot legally be provided!"
 
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 500 _) = "The site experienced an error generating this webpage. <em>The webmasters have probably already been automatically notified.</em>"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 501 _) = "Bad webform for this destination webaddress! " ++
-    "<em>Method not implemented</em>."
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 502 _) = "Proxyserver got a malformed response!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 503 _) = "The site is not available right now!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 504 _) = "The site took too long to respond! <em>(Behind proxy)</em>"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 505 _) = "The site does not speak the language as me! " ++
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 500 _ = "The site experienced an error generating this webpage. " ++
+    "<em>The webmasters have probably already been automatically notified.</em>"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 501 _ =
+    "Bad webform for this destination webaddress! <em>Method not implemented</em>."
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 502 _ = "Proxyserver got a malformed response!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 503 _ = "The site is not available right now!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 504 _ = "The site took too long to respond! <em>(Behind proxy)</em>"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 505 _ = "The site does not speak the language as me! " ++
     "<em>(Unsupported HTTP version)</em>"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 506 _) = "The site is misconfigured!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 507 _) = "Insufficient <strong>WebDAV</strong> storage!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 508 _) = "<strong>WebDAV</strong> loop detected!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 510 _) = "Further request extensions required!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus 511 _) = "Authentication into network required!"
-trans ("en":_) (HTTPStatus _ error) = error -- Fallback
-trans ("en":_) (OtherException error) = "Internal Exception <pre><code>" ++ error ++ "</code></pre>"
-trans ("en":_) (InvalidUrl url message) =
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 506 _ = "The site is misconfigured!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 507 _ = "Insufficient <strong>WebDAV</strong> storage!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 508 _ = "<strong>WebDAV</strong> loop detected!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 510 _ = "Further request extensions required!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus 511 _ = "Authentication into network required!"
+("en":_) `trans` HTTPStatus _ error = error -- Fallback
+("en":_) `trans` OtherException error = "Internal Exception <pre><code>" ++ error ++ "</code></pre>"
+("en":_) `trans` InvalidUrl url message =
     "Invalid web address <code>" ++ url ++ "</code>: <em>" ++ message ++ "</em>"
-trans ("en":_) (ProxyError msg code code' msg') = unlines [
+("en":_) `trans` ProxyError msg code code' msg' = unlines [
     "<h1>Proxy failed to forward request!<h1>",
     "<p>" ++ show code ++ " " ++ msg ++ "</p>",
     "<p>" ++ show code' ++ " " ++ msg' ++ "</p>"
   ]
-trans ("en":_) (InvalidRequest why) =
+("en":_) `trans` InvalidRequest why =
     "Attempted to send invalid auxiliary data: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
-trans ("en":_) InsecureUnestablished =
+("en":_) `trans` InsecureUnestablished =
     "Attempted to send or recieve data before establishing secure connection!"
-trans ("en":_) (InsecureCertificate why) = unlines [
+("en":_) `trans` InsecureCertificate why = unlines [
     "<h1>The site failed to prove it is who it says it is!</h1>",
     "<p>" ++ why ++ "</p>",
     "<p><a href=action:history/back>Leave Insecure Site</a> | ",
         "<a href=action:novalidate>Accept Imposter Risk &amp; Continue</a></p>"
   ]
-trans ("en":_) (InsecureTerminated why) = "Secure session disconnected! <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
+("en":_) `trans` InsecureTerminated why = "Secure session disconnected! <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
 trans ("en":_) InsecureCertificateUnknownCA = "The authority vouching for it is unknown to me!"
 trans ("en":_) InsecureCertificateUnknown =
     "The cryptographic certificate it has sent us to prove its identity instead " ++
@@ -128,25 +131,25 @@ trans ("en":_) InsecureCertificateExpired =
     "The cryptographic certificate it has sent us to prove its identity has expired!"
 trans ("en":_) InsecureCertificateUnsupported =
     "It has sent us a cryptographic certificate to prove its identity I failed to make sense of."
-trans ("en":_) (HandshakePacketUnparsed why) = "Invalid security packet: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
-trans ("en":_) (HandshakePacketUnexpected a b) = unlines [
+("en":_) `trans` HandshakePacketUnparsed why = "Invalid security packet: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
+("en":_) `trans` HandshakePacketUnexpected a b = unlines [
     "<p>Invalid security packet: <em>" ++ a ++ "</em></p>",
     "<p>" ++ b ++ "</p>"
   ]
-trans ("en":_) (HandshakePacketInvalid why) = "Invalid security packet: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
+("en":_) `trans` HandshakePacketInvalid why = "Invalid security packet: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
 trans ("en":_) HandshakeEOF = "Secure session disconnected!"
-trans ("en":_) (HandshakePolicy why) = "Invalid handshake policy: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
-trans ("en":_) (HandshakeMisc why) =
+("en":_) `trans` HandshakePolicy why = "Invalid handshake policy: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
+("en":_) `trans` HandshakeMisc why =
     "Failed to establish secure connection! <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
 trans ("en":_) HandshakeError = "Failed to negotiate security parameters!"
 trans ("en":_) HandshakeClosed = "Secure session disconnected!"
-trans ("en":_) (FailedConnect why) = "Failed to open connection to the site: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
+("en":_) `trans` FailedConnect why = "Failed to open connection to the site: <em>" ++ why ++ "</em>"
 trans ("en":_) TimeoutConnection = "The site took too long to connect!"
 trans ("en":_) TimeoutResponse = "The site took too long to respond!"
 --- END LOCALIZATION
 
 trans (_:locales) err = trans locales err
-trans [] err = trans ["en"] err
+trans [] err = show err
 
 data Errors = UnsupportedScheme String | UnsupportedMIME String | RequiresInstall String String
     | OpenedWith String | ReadFailed String | RawXML String | MalformedResponse String
@@ -159,4 +162,6 @@ data Errors = UnsupportedScheme String | UnsupportedMIME String | RequiresInstal
     | HandshakePacketUnparsed String | HandshakePacketUnexpected String String
     | HandshakePacketInvalid String
     | HandshakeEOF | HandshakePolicy String | HandshakeMisc String | HandshakeError | HandshakeClosed
-    | FailedConnect String | TimeoutConnection | TimeoutResponse
+    | FailedConnect String | TimeoutConnection | TimeoutResponse deriving (Show)
+
+instance Exception Errors